![]() ![]() Hands rubbing using ABHS for 25–30 s is reported to kill 99.99% of microorganisms on hands. Īs a standard of care for hand hygiene practice, WHO recommended use of ABHS containing either ethanol or isopropyl alcohol at strengths of 80% or 75% v/v, respectively. In addition, the use of ABHS for protection against bacteria (gram-positive and negative), mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses is well documented. Currently, hand sanitizers are habitually used for disinfection against SARS-CoV-2 dueto their easy availability at the point of care, better safety profile, and general acceptability to users. World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends the use of ABHS, which is regarded as the “gold standard” for hand disinfection in healthcare facilities in the community because of its broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity on various microbial strains. Out of the various commercialized hand sanitizer products, the most popular and demanding formulations are alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) containing ethanol as an active ingredient. Keeping the cleanliness of hands is among the various measures that need to be followed to control the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases which can be affected via either regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers. In Ethiopia, the total number of infections and deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic is 469,916 and 7,508, respectively as of Ap. COVID-19 is emerging as the most consequential global health crisis since the era of the influenza pandemic of 1918. This highly contagious viral illness is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2). The study findings suggested regular monitoring of the quality of marketed ABHS considering the current wide use of these products.Ĭoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is continuing to spread around the world, with above 493 million confirmed cases and more than six million deaths affecting over 200 countries worldwide as of Ap. Besides, nearly all products proved that they have activity against all the tested pathogenic microorganisms at a minimum concentration from 10 to 80% though, they did not show 99.9% bacteriostatic or bactericidal activities as claimed. One-third of the tested ABHS did not comply with the WHO ethanol content limit and the majority of the products failed to meet the label claim for hydrogen peroxide content. The sample product LPC101 showed a minimum bactericidal concentration of 20% against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella spp. LPC101 was found to be more sensitive to Shigella and Klebsiella Spp with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 20% and 10%, respectively. LPC307 showed the maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm against Escherichia coli whereas MPC204 exhibited only 3 mm. However, only 3 products fulfilled the hydrogen peroxide content (0.112–0.137% v/v). ![]() The majority (68%) of ABHS complied with the test for ethanol content (75–85% v/v). The Fourier Transform Infrared result confirmed that all the test products met the identification test for ethanol. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp clinical isolates were used for the antimicrobial efficacy test. The physicochemical evaluation of the products was carried out as per the United States Pharmacopoeia and WHO standards. A total of 25 sample products were randomly selected from different categories of hand sanitizer manufacturers. MethodsĪ cross-sectional survey was used to collect ABHS from Addis Ababa marketplaces. This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial efficacy of the locally manufactured ABHS marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) are the “gold standard” for hand disinfection because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, easy availability, better safety profile, and general acceptability to users. Hand hygiene, via either regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, is among the various measures that need to be followed to control the outbreak of the disease. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been rapidly spreading across the globe since the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the disease outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020.
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